Recommended tolerances for adults with mild to moderate activity levels were calculated using WHO (1985) equations to calculate REEs (Table 3-1) and multiply the results by an activity factor. For males, the activity factor 1.67 × ERW was used for the 19-24 age group and 1.60 for the 25-50 age group; For women, 1.60 and 1.55 were used for the respective age periods. These values are a mixture of light and moderate activity classes, as proposed by the WHO. For men with a reference height, the average allowance is 2,900 kcal / day; For women, it is 2,200 kcal. With light to moderate activity, the coefficient of variation in adult energy requirements is about 20% (Garrow, 1978; McGandy et al., 1966; Todd et al., 1983). This range reflects the variability in REEs and activity factor between individuals in the group. This domain does not cover the needs of people with strong activity habits, for whom allowances should be adjusted to 2.0× VEP or more. This first version estimates the energy needs of people ≥ 9 years old: Estimated Energy Requirements (EER): Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) are the average energy intake in food that should maintain energy balance in healthy and normal-weight people of a certain age, sex, weight, height and physical activity compatible with good health. In children and pregnant and lactating women, TCE includes levels associated with milk growth or secretion at levels consistent with good health. [Source: IOM]. The EER prediction equations developed by the Institute of Medicine Equation were published in September 2002 and used to formulate the new U.S. dietary guidelines in 2005 when the revised food pyramid (MyPyramid) was published.
These equations were based on an extensive double-labeled water database (considered the gold standard for measuring total energy consumption). Total energy consumption (TEE) is the sum of basal metabolic rate, TEF (thermic effect of food), physical activity, thermoregulation and energy expended on new tissue deposition and milk production. When using the ERA equations, it is important to distinguish between “physical activity coefficients (PA)” and “physical activity levels (PAL)”. Physical activity coefficients are used in the TCE equations to estimate energy demand and are based on areas of physical activity. Physical activity level (PAL) is the ratio of total energy consumption to baseline energy consumption (TEE/BEE). Physical activity level categories were defined as sedentary (ALP 1.0-1.39), low active (ALP 1.4-1.59), active (ALP 1.6-1.89) and very active (ALP 1.9-2.5). >The physical activity (PA) coefficients for the different age groups used in the ERA equations can be found here. Energy requirements for lactation are proportional to the amount of milk produced. The average energy content of breast milk of well-nourished mothers is about 70 kcal/100 ml (WHO, 1985). The efficiency with which maternal energy is converted to milk energy is assumed to be approximately 80% (range 76-94%) (Sadurkis et al., 1988; Thomson et al., 1970; WHO, 1985). Thus, about 85 kcal per 100 ml of milk produced is required.
The average secretion of milk in the first 6 months of lactation is 750 ml / day; In the next 6 months it is 600 ml / day. The coefficient of variation is 12.5%. Thus, the average woman would need an additional 640 kcal or 510 kcal/day during the first or second 6 months. The upper limit of the requirements (+ 2 standard deviations) would be 800 and 640 kcal. Energy requirements are also increased for people doing heavy work at high temperatures of 37°C (99°F) or higher. Under such conditions, body temperature and metabolic rate increase, and extra energy is used to maintain thermal balance (Johnson, 1963). Although ambient temperatures between 20°C and 30°C (68°F and 86°F) require little adjustment, energy intake may need to be slightly increased wherever people need to be physically active in extreme heat. Energy demand can be estimated, albeit inaccurately, if the typical pattern of activity is known. An average daily “activity factor” can be calculated using the values in Table 3-2 for different activities, weighted by the time spent on those activities. The weighted activity factor is multiplied by the REEs (calculated from the equations in Table 3-1 or measured) to calculate energy demand. An example is presented in Table 3-3, which compares the energy expenditure of young adults on abnormally inactive and active days. The estimated requirements for inactive days are 1,500 and 1,200 kcal per day for men and 1,200 kcal per day, respectively.
Women only for active days in the example. A valid estimate of energy demand should take into account activity over a sufficiently long period (weekdays, weekends, season) to be representative. Metabolic needs and physical activity may change during pregnancy, but there are no well-documented studies that provide data to estimate changes in energy intake for these two factors. For most people, the second largest component of total energy expenditure is energy expended on physical activity. In the past, estimates of energy demand were based in part on different levels of physical activity associated with different occupations. With the introduction of labor-saving machinery, operational energy expenditure and differences between occupations have tended to decrease. The renewed focus on fitness has led some, but not all, individuals to increase recreational activities such as walking, jogging and exercising, resulting in greater variability in the discretionary component of energy expenditure. This means that the traditional estimate of energy demand by occupation is no longer sufficient.
The energy allowance for people over 50 years of age is 1.5 × VEP. This requires continued light to moderate activity, which should be encouraged in the interest of maintaining muscle mass and well-being. It should not be assumed that the sharp decline in employment often seen among seniors is inevitable or desirable. The average allowance for men with a reference height (77 kg) is 2,300 kcal/day; For women, it`s 1,900 kcal/day. A normal deviation of ±20% is accepted as in young adults. The requirements of people over 75 are likely to be slightly lower, due to the reduction in size, rare earths and activity. Step 1: The chart below can give you a general idea of how many calories your child needs per day, based on their age group, gender, and level of physical activity. Walking to school is an example of moderate activity. Playing a basketball game is an example of energetic activity.
Activity factors associated with a range of activity profiles are listed in Table 3-4. These factors are similar to those given by WHO (1985) and can be used as a rough guide for needs when the proportion of time spent on different activities is unknown. Typical trends in the U.S. population are mild (1.5 to 1.6 × REE) or moderate (1.6 to 1.7 × REE) categories. The activity factor of 1.3 × VEP is a minimum value that reflects 10 hours per day at rest and 14 hours of very low activity. This level may be lower than what is compatible with desirable cardiovascular capacity (WHO, 1985). The following table is an indication of the estimated daily energy needs of an “average” person with low physical activity (e.g., sedentary work such as office work and no strenuous exercise). No one wants to count kilojoules if they don`t have to! Maintain your weight by eating a variety of foods from the pod food groups. Be sure to get the recommended servings from each food group for your gender and stage of life. Check your portion sizes and find ways to stay active each day. Differences in the body composition of boys and girls already occur in the first months of life, but are relatively small until about 10 years of age. After that, the differences in body composition become greater during adolescence.
After maturity, men have proportionally more muscle mass than women, who have a greater proportion of body weight than fat. In adults, TRUS per unit of total body weight differs by approximately 10% between sexes. In the past, men and women often had significantly different energy expenditures due to career differences, but their job demands are now similar. People with large (or small) bodies need proportionally more (or less) energy per unit of time for activities (such as walking) where mass moves over a distance. Your total TEU will also be higher (or lower) than the average for people of the same sex and age. Energy allocations must be adapted to the different requirements resulting from these height differences. Personalization needs to be greater for people who are both tall and active. Many factors affect the amount of energy you need, such as: In general, older people, women and smaller people, need fewer kilojoules than young, men, tall and muscular.
Children`s energy intake, as reported by both the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978 (USDA, 1984) and the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NCHS, 1979), 1976-1980, is consistent with the proposed allocations for these age groups.
